novel H1N1 influenza virus? Orthomyxoviridae are divided into three genera: A, B and C. Influenza A viruses are further subtyped based on the two major antigens: hemagglutinin (HA; H1–H16), responsible for host receptor binding/cell entry; From: Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease (Ninth Edition), 2013, FRANK FENNER, ... DAVID O. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Genome Sequencing and Genetic Characterization page, A revision of the system of nomenclature for influenza viruses: a WHO Memorandum, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Reconstruction of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Virus, Preliminary In-Season 2019-2020 Burden Estimates, Who is at High Risk for Flu Complications, Who Should & Who Should NOT Get Vaccinated, Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV)/Nasal Spray Vaccine, Selecting Viruses for the Seasonal Influenza Vaccine, Flu Vaccine and People with Egg Allergies, Frequently Asked Questions on Vaccine Supply, Historical Reference of Vaccine Doses Distributed, Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network (HAIVEN), How Vaccine Effectiveness and Efficacy are Measured, What People with a Staph Infection Should Know about Flu, Resources for Hosting a Vaccination Clinic, Overview of Influenza Surveillance in the United States, Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), Weekly U.S. Type A is divided into subtypes, which are differentiated mainly on the basis of two surface antigens (foreign proteins)—hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). However, this issue is controversial since later reports suggested that certain polymorphic variants of chicken Mx were able to confer some antiviral activity,143–145 whereas other studies with these same variants found no significant differences in viral resistance.146,147 Furthermore, recent analyses have confirmed that some of these chicken Mx variants with suspected antiviral activity lacked GTPAse activity,148 which is an essential requirement for antiviral activity. Additionally, South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis),16 Caspian seals (Pusa caspica),17 Baikal seals (Phoca sibirica) and ringed seals (Phoca hispida),18 Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli),19 beluga whales, and other species have been reported to be seropositive for influenza.20 Clinical signs include epistaxis, conjunctivitis, subcutaneous emphysema, and general weakness. Swine influenza virus was isolated in the midwestern United States in 1931. ISAV Genome Coding Assignments and Protein Characteristics, Jim Wellehan, Galaxia Cortes-Hinojosa, in Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, Volume 9, 2019, Orthomyxoviruses are medium sized (80–120 nm), segmented, pleomorphic, enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with intranuclear and intracytoplasmic replication. Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Only MxA has antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of viruses, irrespective of their intracellular replication site.
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