They forbid the distribution of Turkish newspapers and the watching of Turkish television channels, forcing the inhabitants to remove their antennae. [118] The Turkish authorities blamed the PKK and took pictures of the dead children and spread in the press. [196] The Turkish military responded by bombing PKK bases on 24 October[211] and started preparing for a major cross-border military operation. The Kurds accused the Turkish government of supporting ISIS and not letting people send support for Kobane Kurds. Former French ambassador to Turkey Eric Rouleau states: [174], However, the turning point in the conflict[175] came in 1998, when, after political pressure and military threats[176] from Turkey, the PKK's leader, Abdullah Öcalan, was forced to leave Syria, where he had been in exile since September 1980. The diverse Muslim ethnic groups of the former Empire were considered Turkish by the newly formed secular Turkish state, which did not recognize an independent Kurdish or Islamic national identity. After a unilaterally declared peace initiative in 1999, the PKK resumed the conflict due to a Turkish military offensive in 2004. Ex-DEP member Zübeyir Aydar is the President of the KONGRA-GEL. [162] The PKK argues that they only defended themselves as they claim the Turkish military launched some 700 raids against their bases militants, including in Northern Iraq. [40] Most notably the 2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing, which killed 5 and injured 14 people,[198] although the PKK denied responsibility. In 1992, Turkish security forces executed seventy-four people in house raids and more than hundred people in demonstrations. Only in 1986, the PKK executed more than sixty of its members, including Mahsum Korkmaz, who is believed to have been murdered during the clashes on 28 March 1986. On 24 February 1992, Cengiz Altun, the Batman correspondent for the weekly pro-Kurdish newspaper, Yeni Ülke, was killed. Many people, regardless of whether they were women or children, were killed in the country. The organization restructured itself and moved the organization structure to Syria between 1980 and 1984, just after the 1980 Turkish coup d'état. Fevzi Bilgin and Ali Sarihan (New York: Lexington Books, 2013), pp. [179] Because not all of the KONGRA-GEL's elements reverted, the organisation has also been referred to as the New PKK. On 27 September 2017, the organization kidnapped and executed Mahmut Bazancir who was mistakenly accused of being an informer. [148], The founding Congress of the PKK was held on 27 November 1978 in Fis, a village near the city of Lice. Turkey. [371], In August 1992, Human Rights Watch reported the vile practice of torture by security forces in Turkey. [391], On 18 August 1987, PKK fighters massacred more than 25 people in Siirt, Turkey. [209], This major cross-border offensive, dubbed Operation Sun, started on 21 February 2008[212] and was preceded by an aerial offensive against PKK camps in northern Iraq, which began on 16 December 2007.
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