[141] These statements confirm the use of torture in Cyprus by the British, although how widespread and frequent the use of torture was remains unclear. [142] In another incident, a man lost his kidney following an interrogation at the notorious "Red House" building in Limassol. EOKA was still under pressure. [6] The British encountered great difficulty obtaining effective intelligence on EOKA as the majority of the Greek Cypriot population supported them. Typical examples, all of which occurred in the Lefka area, were: 1. [14][15] During the anti-communist struggle of December 1944 in Athens after the Axis withdrawal he was saved due to British intervention. These included parts of Albania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Asia Minor. There were no great outbursts of celebration or joy. [9] On the other hand, the Turkish Cypriot community started to develop its own nationalism in the early 20th century, as news arrived in the island about the persecutions faced by Muslims in the countries that formed after the collapse of Ottoman Empire. These tended to congregate in one place, to keep themselves to themselves, and to refrain wisely from comment on political or religious matters. All Divisional Special Branches were in possession of an Arrest List, prepared by SBHQ from its records. During the next few days the town was closely curfewed, but violence had spread beyond it. [145][146], In 2018, Cypriot veterans won the right to claim damages over UK torture claims at court. The Ethnarch was, traditionally, the leader of the Greek Cypriot community on the island. The entrance shaft was on a slight slope on bare ground, with nothing to attract the attention of searchers in any way. [89] David French on the other hand views that most - but not all- claims of torture were a propaganda tool of EOKA. The first involved playing the Greek and Turkish governments off against each other. As far as its planning was concerned, and regarded purely as a propaganda exercise, the operation was successful. [47] On November 26, Harding declared a State of Emergency – that meant among other, implementation of the death penalty for non-fatality crimes. Grivas decided to keep his involvement secret at the moment and used the name of a Byzantine general who had defended Cypru… Suddenly, this seemed to have been abandoned overnight, and they were being asked to applaud a 'victory' which, to most of them seemed to be a defeat. [43], The struggle continued in the mountains as the guerrillas expanded their network in the Troodos mountains. Makarios was a Machiavellian and politically motivated churchman of a type virtually extinct in Western Europe since the Middle Ages. [51] In the urban areas, schoolchildren had a prominent role in the EOKA struggle.
Nevertheless, he shared Makarios' view that victory would be won by diplomatic means. There was also a sizeable contingent of residents from the British Isles fleeing the post-war austerity of a bankrupted country and its miserable climate, and able by one means or another to finance their comfortable lives in the sun in spite of stringent legislation controlling the export of Sterling from Britain. The town contained a 'Gymnasium', which provided secondary education - separately - for both boys and girls. Cyprus became an independent republic in 1960 with Britain retaining control of two Sovereign Base Areas, at Akrotiri and Dhekelia. In the reports it is revealed that officers of the colonial administration admitted to torture and abuse. [98][100], During this period the British were openly tolerating the Turkish Cypriot paramilitary organisations. Towards the end of the 1950s, the British enjoyed more success.
One was Archbishop Makarios, the Ethnarch or Head of the Greek Orthodox Church in Cyprus. These were now busily engaged in re-establishing their hold over the Greek population by a campaign of intimidation, and carrying out sabotage of Government property.
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