The Constitution recognized everyone as Ottomans with equal rights regardless of religion, though Islam was still the official state religion.
Midhat rejected the proposals of the other powers, and the conference broke up on January 20, 1877. A truce with the Russians enabled Bayrakdar Mustafa to lead his Bosnian and Albanian troops from the Danube to Istanbul. After ruling for more than 600 years, the Ottoman Turks are often remembered for their powerful military, ethnic diversity, artistic ventures, religious tolerance and architectural marvels. Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present.
The threat of assassination was always a concern for a Sultan. Because of the need for teachers, these would take generations to reach large numbers of people. Their skills impressed Sultan Selim, but an attempt to reform the Janissaries caused a mutiny and had to be cancelled. In 1873 drought in Anatolia led to famine, and many taxes could no longer be collected. Suleiman created a uniform system of law and welcomed different forms of arts and literature. The new chief Mufti presided over trials of the reformers, and seventeen were beheaded. Two years later the Russians invaded the Crimea and captured Azov. In 1769 the Turkish army crossed the Danube into Moldavia but suffered setbacks and retreated. The Sultan declared war on Russia the next year, and Czar Nicholas led the invasion across the Danube; but Turkish defenses caused heavy Russian casualties. He made his ministers directly responsible to him instead of to the grand vizier. However, Christians were granted freedom of religion, and the Russians the right of protecting them. The Turks played a minor role of support by defending Balaclava, Eupatoria, and Kars in Asia Minor. European merchants were scurrying across the globe looking Timur, a Turco-Mongol leader, invaded the empire from the east and defeated Bayezid I at the Battle of Ankara in 1402. The Armenian disturbances spread in Anatolia, and they were massacred in Zeytun, Trabzon, Erzurum, Bitlis, Van, Harput, Diyarbakir, Sivas, and Ãukurova. The Sultan refused to extradite Charles to Russia because of the tradition of hospitality. The Ottoman empire joined with Russiaâs Peter to partition the northwestern part of the crumbling Safavid empire in 1724, though by 1730 Nadir Shah had pushed the Turks out of Hamadan, Kirmanshah, and Tabriz. Ibrahim led an Egyptian invasion of Syria and Anatolia that took over Gaza, Jerusalem, Acre, Damascus, Aleppo, and Konya in 1832, and he was ready to march on Istanbul. At the start of World War I, the Ottoman Empire was already in decline.
Noble Tatars fought for their independence; but General Paul Potemkinâs Russian army massacred 30,000 of them while tens of thousands fled into exile.
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